长江源头草地类型及利用意见

长江发源于被称为生命“禁区”的唐古拉山地区,海拔高,气候恶劣。本文是作者在1986年实地考察唐古拉山地区草地资源的基础上,较全面的介绍了长江源头地区的草地类型、面积、分布规律等资料,并根据该地实际提出了进一步开发利用的意见。     

基于RS和GIS的川中丘陵区景观格局研究——以云合镇为例

利用高分辨率的IKONOS卫星数据,以RS和GIS为技术手段研究了川中丘陵区的景观格局特征及其影响因素。结果表明,随着地势起伏的加剧和人类活动强度减弱,浅丘、中丘和高丘景观格局的多样性指数分别是1.1437、1.3598和1.4367;优势度依次为0.8022、0.5861和0.5092;分维数依次是1.2652、1.3019和1.3272;破碎度则分别为53.9488、60.1556和54.4666。其景观格局主要受气候、地貌、坡度、人类活动和居民点分布的控制和影响。     

沙河水库环境污染调查及其环境保护

监测了沙河水库的水质状况,结果表明:库区水质总体上符合Ⅱ类水标准,但是总磷在整个库区呈上升趋势,并全部超过Ⅱ类水质标准。污染源调查发现:农业生产中的化肥、农药淋失,生活垃圾排放是影响沙河水库水质的主要因素。论文还提出了水环境保护对策,以促进经济与环境保护的协调发展。     

Study on Cultural Technologies and Salt-resistance of Nitraria sibirica in Coastal Areas with Serious Salt-affected Soil

In this research, five Nitraria sibirica provenances such as Dayilu were selected to do experiment of salt-resistance, combining fixed plots test with typical plot investigation, measuring survival rate and growth as main indicators. The experiments of main cultural technology were done on Nitraria sibirica in 4 types of site preparation, 3 types of planting, 3 designs for planting density. The Nitraria sibirica experiments for the effects of curbing salt and improving soil were done by testing soil nutrients, salt content, soil physical properties as focal points in typical site of 3-4 years woods. The experiment results showed that the Nitraria sibirica could survive well with soil salt content of 0.6%, and that survival rate declined distinctively as soil salt content exceeded 0.8%. However, high soil salt content did not influence growth in the year of planting. There were obvious differences in salt-tolerance among Nitraria sibirica provenances; Dayilu was the best on salt-tolerance, the other 4 pro     

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段干暖河谷区生态建设探讨

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段形成了独特的干暖河谷区自然环境，分析了其特点、成因。探讨了其生态建设的思路应是尊重自然规律、发扬优秀民风习俗、引进实用技术、发展非公林业。     

岷江上游乡村社区贫困成因及扶贫模式初探——以四川黑水国家扶贫开发重点县为例

农村发展包括乡村社区发展和农户发展两个方面 ,二者不能偏废。以岷江上游国家扶贫开发重点县———黑水为例 ,探讨乡村社区贫困成因及扶贫模式。社区贫困是多种因素长期综合作用的结果 ,包括自然环境条件、传统习俗与贫困文化结合、道路交通贫乏、森林资源利用政策以及落后守旧的农业生产技术和手段。乡村社区扶贫不同于区域扶贫 ,应以新村建设和易地迁建为主 ,辅以劳务输出、旅游开发和教育扶持。     

几个外引水稻品种在河南沿黄地区的表现

通过对几个外引水稻品种在河南沿黄地区引种试验,表明杂交稻生长速度快,抽穗较晚,但分蘖力强、成穗率高、穗粒数多,产量的增产潜力较大。除金世纪外其他几个品种与豫粳6号相比基本持平,但产量也有不同程度的提高。但金世纪品质与豫粳6号相比有较大的提高,产量也提高。     

图们江流域湿地空间格局变化与保护

图们江流域的自然环境较为复杂，湿地类型丰富，分布广泛。源头及上游以森林沼泽和灌丛沼泽为主，中游多为草本沼泽，下游到图们江口，湿地分布广泛，主要类型为天然和人工湖泊，草本沼泽。由于人为活动，湿地的空间分布格局发生较大的变化。为保护湿地的环境功能，必须加强湿地环境监测，合理调整湿地空间结构，保证湿地资源的可持续利用。     

Estimate of sediment yield in a basin without sediment data

In this study, three mathematical models for the estimate of sediment yield, due to soil and stream erosion, at the outlet of a basin are presented. Each model consists of three submodels: a rainfall-runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel and a sediment transport submodel for streams. The rainfall-runoff and the stream sediment transport submodels are identical in the three mathematical models. The rainfall-runoff submodel that is used for the computation of the runoff in a sub-basin is a simplified water balance model for the soil root zone. For the estimate of soil erosion in a sub-basin, three different submodels are used alternatively, owing to the fact that erosion or sediment yield data are not available. The soil erosion submodels are (a) a modified form of the classical Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, [Foster, G.R., Meyer, L.D., Onstad, C.A., 1977. A runoff erosivity factor and variable slope length exponents for soil loss estimates. Transactions of the ASAE, 20 (4), 683–687]) taking into account both the rainfall erosion and the runoff erosion, (b) the relationships of Poesen [Poesen, J., 1985. An improved splash transport model. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 29, 193–211] quantifying the splash detachment, as well as the upslope and downslope splash transport, (c) the relationships of Schmidt [Schmidt, J., 1992. Predicting the sediment yield from agricultural land using a new soil erosion model. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on River Sedimentation. Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1045–1051] including the momentum flux exerted by the droplets and the momentum flux exerted by the runoff. The sediment transport submodel for streams aims to estimate the sediment yield at the outlet of a sub-basin. This quantity results by comparing the available sediment amount in the main stream of a sub-basin with the sediment transport capacity by stream flow, which is computed by the relationships of Yang and Stall [Yang, C.T., Stall, J.B., 1976. Applicability of unit stream power equation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 102, 559–568]. The mathematical models were applied to the basin of Kompsatos River, in northeastern Greece, with an area of about 565 km². The whole basin was divided into 18 natural sub-basins for more precise calculations. Monthly rainfall data were available for 27 years (1966–1992); therefore, the calculations were performed on a monthly basis. The deviation between the three mean annual values of sediment yield at the basin outlet, for 27 years, resulting from the three mathematical models is relatively small.     

Quantifying the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the large-scale drainage basin of the Baltic Sea

We estimate the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the 1.7 million km² Baltic Sea drainage basin, using a wetland GIS data base. There are approximately 138,000 km² of wetlands (bogs and fens) in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, corresponding to 8% of the area. The input of nitrogen to natural wetlands from atmospheric deposition was estimated to 55,000–161,000 ton y¹. A map of the deposition of both wet and dry nitrogen is presented. The input from the human population was estimated to 255,000 ton y¹ in terms of excretory release in processed sewage water. There may also be leakage from forests and agricultural land into the wetlands. Due to lack of data on hydrology and topography, such potential nitrogen sources are not accounted for here. The capacity of the wetlands to retain the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen was estimated to 34,000–99,000 ton y¹. The potential retention by wetlands was estimated to 57,000–145,000 ton y¹ when the nitrogen input from the human population was added. If drained wetlands were to be restored and their area added to the present wetland area, the nitrogen retention capacity was estimated to increase to 196,000–261,000 ton y¹. Our results indicate that existing natural wetlands in the Baltic Sea drainage basin annually can retain an amount of nitrogen which corresponds to about 5–13% of annual total (natural and anthropogenic) nitrogen emissions entering the Baltic Sea. The ecosystem retention service performed by wetlands accounts for a substantial nitrogen removal, thereby reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea.